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References

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In Australia, medical cannabis has been approved for more than 50 medical conditions, including chronic pain, mental health, sleep problems, neurological disorders, nausea and vomiting, and others.

While medical cannabis is generally considered safe, there are some potential side effects to be aware of. It’s important to discuss potential side effects with a healthcare provider and to use medical cannabis under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

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Learn more with our complete site reference list below

Resources

Medical Cannabis Guide, How to Access, Legal Information
  1. Federal Register of Legislation. (2021). Narcotic Drugs Amendment (Medicinal Cannabis) Act 2021. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2021A00056
  2. Department of Health and Aged Care. Therapeutic Goods Administrations. (2020). https://www.tga.gov.au/access-medicinal-cannabis-products
  3. Health Direct. (2022). Medicinal Cannabis in Australia. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/medicinal-cannabis
Chronic Pain | Fibromyalgia, Neuropathic pain, Arthritis
  1. Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Collet, J. (2015). Cannabis for the Management of Pain: Assessment of Safety Study (COMPASS). The Journal of Pain. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.07.014
  2. Chagas, M. H. N., Zuardi, A.W., Tumas, V., Pena-Pereira, M.A., Sobreira, E. T., Bergamaschi, M. M., Santos, A. C., Teixeira, A. L., Hallak, J. E., Crippa, J. A. (2014). Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: an exploratory double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 28(11):1088-98. doi: 10.1177/0269881114550355.
  3. Feingold, D., Brill, S., Goor-Aryeh, I., Delayahu, Y., Lev-Ran, S. (2017). Depression and anxiety among chronic pain patients receiving prescription opioids and medical marijuana. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.026
  4. Fitzcharles, M. A., Baerwald, C., Ablin, J., & Häuser, W. (2016). Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabinoids in chronic pain associated with fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic neuropathic pain: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Pain Research and Management, 2016, 3204842. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3204842
  5. Baron, E. P. (2018). Medicinal properties of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids in cannabis, and benefits in migraine, headache, and pain: An update on current evidence and cannabis science. Headache, 58(7), 1139–1186. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13345
  6. Aviram, J., Samuelly-Leichtag, G. (2017). Efficacy of cannabis-based medicines for pain management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Physician, 20(6), E755–E796.
  7. Boehnke, K. F., Litinas, E., & Clauw, D. J. (2016). Medical cannabis use is associated with decreased opiate medication use in a retrospective cross-sectional survey of patients with chronic pain. Journal of Pain, 17(6), 739–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2016.03.002
  8. Rhyne, D. N., Anderson, S. L., Gedde, M., & Borgelt, L. M. (2016). Effects of medical marijuana on migraine headache frequency in an adult population. Pharmacotherapy, 36(5), 505–510. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1673
  9. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Chronic pain in Australia. Australian Government. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/chronic-disease/chronic-pain-in-australia/summary
  10. Fine, P. G. and Rosenfeld, M.J. (2013). The Endocannabinoid System, Cannabinoids, and Pain. 4(4): e0022. doi: 10.5041/RMMJ.10129.
  11. Smith, B. W., et al. “Pain relief with oral cannabinoids in familial Mediterranean fever.” Anesthesia Progress, vol. 66, no. 1, 2019, pp. 7-10. doi: 10.2344/anpr-65-03-02
  12. Andreae, M. H., et al. (2015). Inhaled cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Journal of Pain, 16(12), 1221-1232. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.07.009
  13. Ellis, R. J., et al. (2008). Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(3), 672-680. doi: 10.1038/npp.2008.120
  14. Blake, D. R., Robson, P., Ho, M., Jubb, R. W., & McCabe, C. S. (2006). Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology, 45(1), 50-52.
  15. Hammell, D. C., Zhang, L. P., Ma, F., Abshire, S. M., McIlwrath, S. L., Stinchcomb, A. L., & Westlund, K. N. (2016). Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. European Journal of Pain, 20(6), 936-948.
  16. Schuelert, N., & McDougall, J. J. (2008). The abnormal cannabidiol analogue O-1602 reduces nociception in a rat model of acute arthritis via the putative cannabinoid receptor GPR55. Neuroscience Letters, 438(3), 221-224.
  17. Fitzcharles, M. A., Baerwald, C., Ablin, J., & Häuser, W. (2016). Efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabinoids in chronic pain associated with rheumatic diseases (fibromyalgia syndrome, back pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis): A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Schmerz (Berlin, Germany), 30(1), 47-61.
Mental Health | Generalised Anxiety Disorder, Phobias, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
  1. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2022). National Study of Mental Health and Wellbeing. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/mental-health/national-study-mental-health-and-wellbeing/2020-21
  2. Blessing, E. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1
  3. Crippa, J. A., Derenusson, G. N., Ferrari, T. B., Wichert-Ana, L., Duran, F. L., Martin-Santos, R., … & Hallak, J. E. (2011). Neural basis of anxiolytic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in generalized social anxiety disorder: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25(1), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881110379283
  4. Cuttler, C., Spradlin, A., & McLaughlin, R. J. (2018). A naturalistic examination of the perceived effects of cannabis on negative affect. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.054
  5. Shoval, G., Nahmany, T., Weizman, A., & Maayan, R. (2020). Safety and efficacy of medical cannabis oil for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: An-open label, add-on, pilot study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 73(4), 1525–1532. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190912
  6. Loflin, M., & Earleywine, M. (2014). A new method of cannabis ingestion: The dangers of dabs? Addictive Behaviors, 39(10), 1430–1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.013
  7. Linge, R., Jiménez-Sánchez, L., Campa, L., Pilar-Cuéllar, F., Vidal, R., Pazos, A., & Adell, A. (2016). Cannabidiol induces rapid-acting antidepressant-like effects and enhances cortical 5-HT/glutamate neurotransmission: role of 5-HT1A receptors. Neuropharmacology, 103, 16-26.
  8. Zuardi, A. W., Rodrigues, N. P., Silva, A. L., Bernardo, S. A., Hallak, J. E., Guimarães, F. S., & Crippa, J. A. (2017). Inverted U-shaped dose-response curve of the anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol during public speaking in real life. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 259.
  9. Bergamaschi, M. M., Queiroz, R. H., Chagas, M. H., de Oliveira, D. C., De Martinis, B. S., Kapczinski, F., Quevedo, J., Roesler, R., Schröder, N., Nardi, A. E., Martín-Santos, R., Hallak, J. E., Zuardi, A. W., & Crippa, J. A. (2011). Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naïve social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(6), 1219-1226. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.6
  10. Passie, T., Emrich, H. M., Karst, M., Brandt, S. D., & Halpern, J. H. (2012). Mitigation of post-traumatic stress symptoms by Cannabis resin: A review of the clinical and neurobiological evidence. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4(7-8), 649-659. doi: 10.1002/dta.1377
  11. Schubart, C. D., Sommer, I. E., Fusar-Poli, P., de Witte, L., Kahn, R. S., & Boks, M. P. (2014). Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for psychosis. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(1), 51-64. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.11.002
  12. Greer, G. R., Grob, C. S., & Halberstadt, A. L. (2014). PTSD symptom reports of patients evaluated for the New Mexico Medical Cannabis Program. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 46(1), 73-77. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2013.873843
  13. Bujarski, S. J., Galang, J. N., Short, N. A., Trafton, J. A., Gifford, E. V., Kimerling, R., … & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2019). Cannabis use disorder treatment barriers and facilitators among veterans with PTSD. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 33(3), 219–230. doi: 10.1037/adb0000464.
  14. Jetly R, Heber A, Fraser G, Boisvert D. The efficacy of nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid, in the treatment of PTSD-associated nightmares: A preliminary randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;51:585-8. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.002. PMID: 25460036.
Sleep | Insomnia, Restless Leg Syndrome, Parasomnia
  1. Babson, K. A., Sottile, J., & Morabito, D. (2017). Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(4), 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0775-9
  2. Chagas, M. H. N., Crippa, J. A. S., Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E. C., Machado-de-Sousa, J. P., Hirotsu, C., … & Andersen, M. L. (2014). Effects of acute systemic administration of cannabidiol on sleep-wake cycle in rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28(11), 1209–1219. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114552691
  3. Schierenbeck, T., Riemann, D., Berger, M., & Hornyak, M. (2008). Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: Cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12(5), 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.11.003
  4. Suraev, A. S., Todd, L., Bowen, M. T., Allsop, D. J., McGregor, I. S., & Ireland, C. (2018). An Exploratory Randomized Controlled Trial of a Combination of Cannabidiol and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol for Comorbid Insomnia and Anxiety. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(11), 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7110341
  5. Suraev, A., Lintzeris, N., Stuart, J., Kevin, R. C., Blackburn, R., Richards, R., … & McGregor, I. S. (2019). Oral Cannabidiol Dose-Response Effect on Sleep in Normal Subjects. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 39(5), 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0000000000001090
  6. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2021). Sleep problems as a risk factor for chronic conditions. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/risk-factors/sleep-problems-as-a-risk-factor/summary
  7. Blessing, E. M., Steenkamp, M. M., Manzanares, J., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Cannabidiol as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders. Neurotherapeutics, 12(4), 825–836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1
  8. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2021). Sleep problems as a risk factor. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/risk-factors/sleep-problems-as-a-risk-factor/summary
  9. Babson, K. A., Sottile, J., Morabito, D. (2017). Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 37(4), 457-471. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000659
  10. Chagas, M. H. N., Crippa, J. A. S., Zuardi, A. W., Hallak, J. E. C., Machado-de-Sousa, J. P., Hirotsu, C., Tufik, S., Andersen, M. L. (2014). Effects of acute systemic administration of cannabidiol on sleep-wake cycle in rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28(11), 1209-1214. doi: 10.1177/0269881114559038
  11. Shannon, S., Lewis, N., Lee, H., & Hughes, S. (2019). Cannabidiol in Anxiety and Sleep: A Large Case Series. The Permanente Journal, 23, 18-041. doi: 10.7812/TPP/18-041
  12. National Sleep Foundation. Parasomnia: Definition, Causes, and Treatment. Accessed April 24, 2023. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/parasomnias
  13. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Treatment of Sleep Disorders. Accessed April 24, 2023. https://aasm.org/resources/factsheets/sleepdisorders-treatment.pdf
  14. Chagas MHN, Crippa JAS, Loureiro SR, Hallak JEC, et al. Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Parafunctional Behaviors in RBD Patients: A Case Series. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2014;10(8):871-876. doi:10.5664/jcsm.3976
  15. Murillo-Rodríguez E, Palomero-Rivero M, Millán-Aldaco D, Mechoulam R, et al. The Nonpsychoactive Cannabis Constituent Cannabidiol Is a Wake-Inducing Agent. Behavioral Neuroscience. 2011;125(3): 437-442. doi:10.1037/a0022599
  16. Babson, K. A., Sottile, J., & Morabito, D. (2017). Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Sleep: a Review of the Literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(4), 23.
  17. Restless Leg Syndrome Foundation. (n.d.). Understanding RLS. Retrieved from https://www.rls.org/understanding-rls
  18. World Health Organization. (2018). Cannabis and cannabinoids: a critical review of the evidence on their effects on health. https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/CannabisCriticalReview.pdf
  19. Bolla, K. I., Brown, K., Eldreth, D., Tate, K., & Cadet, J. L. (2002). Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Neurology, 59(9), 1337-1343. https://doi.org/10.121
  20. Happe, S., Klösch, G., & Saletu, B. (2011). Treatment of restless legs syndrome with cannabinoids. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 31(3), 369-372. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e318217e75f
  21. Megelin, T., Reichmann, F., Berner, A., & Deuschl, G. (2015). Cannabis in restless legs syndrome: an observational study. Sleep Medicine, 16(2), 270-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.11.004
  22. Ekbom, K., Ulfberg, J., & Wetterberg, L. (2012). Sleep and periodic leg movements in cannabis abusers. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(2), 191-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2012.678558
Neurological disorders | Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s Disease
  1. Epilepsy Action Australia. (2017). Facts and Statistics. Prevalence in Australia. Retrieved from https://www.epilepsy.org.au/media/facts-and-statistics/
  2. Devinsky, O., et al. (2017). Cannabidiol in patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy: an open-label interventional trial. The Lancet Neurology, 16(3), 215-224. doi: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30026-8
  3. Zajicek, J. P., et al. (2013). Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology, 12(4), 559-567. doi: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70005-5
  4. Lotan, I., Treves, T. A., Roditi, Y., Djaldetti, R., & Cannabis, P. D. (2014). Cannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease: an open-label observational study. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 37(2), 41-44. doi: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000016
  5. Gaston, T. E., Bebin, E. M., Cutter, G. R., Liu, Y., & Szaflarski, J. P. (2017). Interactions between cannabidiol and commonly used antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 58(9), 1586-1592. doi: 10.1111/epi.13852
  6. Szaflarski, J. P., & Bebin, E. M. (2014). Cannabis, cannabidiol, and epilepsy—From receptors to clinical response. Epilepsy & Behavior, 41, 277-282. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.09.067
  7. Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Collet, J. (2015). Cannabis for the Management of Pain: Assessment of Safety Study (COMPASS). The Journal of Pain. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.07.014
  8. Porter, B. E., & Jacobson, C. (2013). Report of a parent survey of cannabidiol-enriched cannabis use in pediatric treatment-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 29(3), 574-577.
  9. Tzadok, M., Uliel-Siboni, S., Linder, I., Kramer, U., Epstein, O., Menascu, S., … & Dor, M. (2016). CBD-enriched medical cannabis for intractable pediatric epilepsy: The current Israeli experience. Seizure, 35, 41-44.
  10. Hussain, S. A., Zhou, R., Jacobson, C., Weng, J., Cheng, E., Lay, J., … & Szaflarski, J. P. (2015). Perceived efficacy of cannabidiol-enriched cannabis extracts for treatment of pediatric epilepsy: A potential role for infantile spasms and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsy & Behavior, 47, 138-141.
  11. Multiple Sclerosis Society of Australia. (n.d.). What is MS? Retrieved from https://www.ms.org.au/about-ms/what-is-ms.aspx
  12. Mayo Clinic. (2022, March 2). Multiple sclerosis. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269
  13. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2021, June 1). Multiple sclerosis: Hope through research. Retrieved from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Hope-Through-Research/Multiple-Sclerosis-Hope-Through-Research
  14. National MS Society. (n.d.). Physical therapy. Retrieved from https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Treating-MS/Managing-Relapses/Physical-Therapy
  15. National MS Society. (n.d.). Marijuana and MS. Retrieved May 3, 2023, from https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Treating-MS/Complementary-Alternative-Medicines/Marijuana
  16. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625
  17. Wade, D. T., Collin, C., Stott, C., & Duncombe, P. (2010). Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of Sativex (nabiximols), on spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 16(6), 707–714. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458510367462
  18. Koppel, B. S., Brust, J. C. M., Fife, T., Bronstein, J., Youssof, S., Gronseth, G., & Gloss, D. (2014). Systematic review: Efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 82(17), 1556–1563. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000363
  19. Novotna, A., Mares, J., Ratcliffe, S., Novakova, I., Vachova, M., Zapletalova, O., Gasperini, C., Pozzilli, C., Cefaro, L., Comi, G., Rossi, P., Ambler, Z., Stelmasiak, Z., Erdmann, A., Montalban, X., Klimek, A., Davies, P., & Hobart, J. (2011). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, enriched-design study of nabiximols* (Sativex), as add-on therapy, in subjects with refractory spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis. European Journal of Neurology, 18(9), 1122–1131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03328
  20. Killestein, J., Hoogervorst, E. L. J., Reif, M., Kalkers, N. F., Van Loenen, A. C., Staats, P. G. M., Gorter, R. W., Uitdehaag, B. M. J., & Polman, C. H. (2002). Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS. Neurology, 58(9), 1404–1407. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.58.9.1404
  21. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). (2021, September 28). Multiple sclerosis – randomised controlled trials and other studies. Australian Government Department of Health. Retrieved from https://www.tga.gov.au/multiple-sclerosis-randomised-controlled-trials-and-other-studies
  22. Parkinson’s Australia. (n.d.). What is Parkinson’s? Retrieved May 4, 2023, from https://www.parkinsons.org.au/what-parkinsons
  23. Kamal, B. S., Kamal, F. and Lantela, D. E. (2018). Cannabis and the Anxiety of Fragmentation—A Systems Approach for Finding an Anxiolytic Cannabis Chemotype. Neurosci., 22 October 2018. Volume 12 – 2018 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00730
  24. Chagas, M. H. N., Zuardi, A. W., Tumas, V., Pena-Pereira, M. A., Sobreira, E. T., Bergamaschi, M. M., … & Crippa, J. A. S. (2014). Cannabis for the treatment of motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28(11), 1088-1098. doi: 10.1177/0269881114550355
  25. Fernández-Ruiz, J., Sagredo, O., Pazos, M. R., García, C., Pertwee, R., Mechoulam, R., & Martínez-Orgado, J. (2011). Prospects for cannabinoid therapies in basal ganglia disorders. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163(7), 1365-1378. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01379.x
  26. Lotan I, Treves TA, Roditi Y, Djaldetti R. Cannabis-based medicine in Parkinson’s disease: A retrospective observational study. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2014 Nov-Dec;37(6):41-4. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000016. PMID: 25323292.
Nausea and Vomiting
  1. Meiri, E., Jhangiani, H., Vredenburgh, J. J., Barbato, L. M., Carter, F. J., Yang, H. M., . . . Baranowski, V. (2016). Efficacy of dronabinol alone and in combination with ondansetron versus ondansetron alone for delayed
    chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 32(6), 1083-1093. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2016.1173648
  2. Maida, V., & Corban, J. (2017). Topical medical cannabis: a new treatment for wound pain—three cases of Pyoderma Gangrenosum. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 54(5), 732-736. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.07.017
  3. Rock, E. M., Limebeer, C. L., & Parker, L. A. (2015). Cannabinoids and nausea and vomiting: animal studies. In Handbook of Cannabis (pp. 445-465). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  4. Tramer, M. R., Carroll, D., Campbell, F. A., Reynolds, D. J., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2001). Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 323(7303), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7303.16
  5. Duran, M., Pérez, E., Abanades, S., Vidal, X., Saura, C., Majem, M., … & Rams, N. (2010). Preliminary efficacy and safety of an oromucosal standardized cannabis extract in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 70(5), 656-663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03743.x
  6. Smith, L. A., Azariah, F., Lavender, V. T., Stoner, N. S., & Bettiol, S. (2015). Cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11), CD009464. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009464.pub2
  7. Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Collet, J. (2015). Cannabis for the Management of Pain: Assessment of Safety Study (COMPASS). The Journal of Pain. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.07.014
  8. Radaelli M, et al. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of a standardized Cannabis sativa extract in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(9):3175-3182. PMID: 29863274.
  9. Parker LA, et al. (2015). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, but not ondansetron, interfere with conditioned retching reactions elicited by a lithium-paired context in Suncus murinus: an animal model of anticipatory nausea and vomiting. Physiological Behaviour. 2015;151:585-90. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.011.
  10. Sharkey, K. A., Darmani, N. A., & Parker, L. A. (2003). Cannabinoid receptors: Potential targets for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 62(Suppl 2), ii30-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.62.suppl_2.ii30
Other Medical Conditions | Autism, Glaucoma, Cancer
  1. Bar-Lev Schleider L, Mechoulam R, Saban N, Meiri G, Novack V. Real life Experience of Medical Cannabis Treatment in Autism: Analysis of Safety and Efficacy. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):200. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37570-y
  2. Barchel D, Stolar O, De-Haan T, et al. Oral cannabidiol use in children with autism spectrum disorder to treat related symptoms and co-morbidities. Front Pharmacol. 2019;9:1521. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01521
  3. Aran A, Cassuto H, Lubotzky A, Wattad N, Hazan E. Brief report: Cannabidiol-rich cannabis in children with autism spectrum disorder and severe behavioral problems – a retrospective feasibility study. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019;49(3):1284-1288. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3808-2
  4. American Cancer Society. (2022). Marijuana and cancer. https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/complementary-and-alternative-medicine/marijuana-and-cancer.html
  5. National Cancer Institute. (2021). Cannabis and cannabinoids. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/cannabis-pdq
  6. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021). Marijuana and cannabinoids. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana-medicine
  7. Velasco, G., Sánchez, C., & Guzmán, M. (2012). Cannabinoids and cancer: Current status and future implications. British Journal of Pharmacology, 166(8), 2514–2534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01921.x
  8. Cancer Research UK. (2022). Cannabis and cancer. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancer-in-general/treatment/complementary-alternative-therapies/individual-therapies/cannabis-and-cancer
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