Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Understanding
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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What is generalised anxiety disorder?
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health condition marked by excessive and persistent worry and anxiety about everyday events and activities. People with generalised anxiety disorder often find it difficult to control their worry and may experience physical symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances.
The causes of GAD
The exact causes of anxiety are not fully understood. Current research suggests that a combination of biological, genetic, and environmental factors may play a role. Some common causes of GAD include:
- Genetics: GAD tends to run in families, suggesting a genetic component to the disorder.
- Brain chemistry: Imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, may contribute to the development of GAD.
- Life events: Traumatic or stressful life events, such as abuse, divorce, or the death of a loved one, can trigger the onset of GAD.
- Personality factors: Individuals who are prone to negative thinking, perfectionism, and worry may be more likely to develop GAD.
- Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as chronic pain or thyroid problems, may increase the risk of developing GAD.
While these factors may increase the risk of developing anxiety, not everyone with these risk factors will develop the disorder. It is a complex condition that can be influenced by various factors.
Symptoms of GAD
Common anxiety symptoms include:
- Excessive worry: People with GAD often worry about everyday events and activities, such as work, health, finances, or relationships.
- Difficulty controlling worry: People with GAD often find it difficult to control their worry, even when they recognise that it is excessive or unreasonable.
- Physical symptoms: GAD can cause physical symptoms, including muscle tension, fatigue, restlessness, irritability, and sleep disturbances.
- Avoidance: People with GAD may avoid certain situations or activities due to their anxiety.
- Difficulty concentrating: GAD can make it difficult to focus and concentrate on tasks.
- Impairment of daily functioning: GAD can significantly impact daily functioning and quality of life.
Not everyone with anxiety will experience all of these symptoms, and the severity of symptoms can vary from person to person. A healthcare professional can help diagnose generalised anxiety disorder and develop a treatment plan tailored to specific needs.
Treatment for generalised anxiety disorder
Traditional treatment options
Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is a treatable condition, with treatment typically involving a combination of therapy and medication.
There are several treatments available for GAD, including medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes. Some of the most common medications prescribed for GAD include antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and beta-blockers. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), can also be effective in treating GAD.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is often used to help people with GAD learn how to manage negative thought patterns and behaviours that cause anxiety. Medications such as antidepressants can also be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms.
Alternative treatment options
In addition to complementary therapies, people with anxiety may find relaxation techniques, such as medication, deep breathing and yoga, to be helpful in managing their anxiety. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, healthy eating habits, and getting enough sleep, can also help reduce anxiety.
Using medicinal cannabis may benefit patients looking for relief from chronic pain, sleep disturbances, and anxiety or depression symptoms [2]. While some potential risks and side effects are associated with cannabis use, other patients have found it a safe and effective treatment option.
How medicinal cannabis works
Before diving into the pros and cons of using medicinal cannabis, it’s helpful to understand how cannabis works in the body.
The human body has an endocannabinoid system (ECS) that regulates various physiological processes, including pain, mood, appetite, and sleep. The ECS consists of a network of receptors and enzymes that interact with endocannabinoids, which are naturally occurring compounds in the body that are similar to the cannabinoids found in cannabis.
When cannabis is consumed, the THC and CBD in the plant interact with the ECS in the body. THC binds to cannabinoid receptors in the brain and body, producing various effects, including pain relief, relaxation, and altered perception. Conversely, CBD does not bind to cannabinoid receptors but instead interacts with other body receptors involved in inflammation, pain, and mood regulation.
Potential benefits of medical cannabis for generalised anxiety disorder
Reduce anxiety
There is growing evidence to suggest that medicinal cannabis may be an effective treatment for GAD. A study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that CBD was effective in reducing anxiety in people with GAD, without causing significant side effects [3].
Another study published in Neuropharmacology found that CBD had rapid-acting antidepressant-like effects and enhanced cortical neurotransmission, suggesting that it may have potential as an alternative treatment for depression and anxiety disorders [7].
Lifestyle improvements
Another common symptom of GAD is increased anxiety that often prevents people from engaging in social interactions or partaking in public activities.
A recent study found that CBD had an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve for anxiolytic effects, meaning that a moderate dose of CBD was most effective in reducing anxiety in patients during public speaking [8].
Antidepressant effects
Many people with generalised anxiety disorder also suffer from depression. Medicinal cannabis has anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects in some patients. One study in the Journal of Affective Disorders found that cannabis use was associated with significant reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms in patients [4].
*The above studies highlight the potential benefits of medicinal cannabis, but do have some limitations that need to be considered. These limitations may include: a relatively small sample size, use of self-reported data rather than objective measures, and not measuring the long-term effects of cannabis use or exploring the different strains/types of cannabis used, which may have an impact on the observed effects.
Potential side effects
Like any medication, medicinal cannabis can have side effects. While medicinal cannabis may benefit some patients, it is vital to understand the potential risks and side effects. Common side effects of cannabis use include dry mouth, dizziness, and increased heart rate. Some people may also experience anxiety or paranoia. It is also important to note that medicinal cannabis can interact with other medications, so it is essential to talk to your doctor before using cannabis.
Finding the right dose
When using medicinal cannabis, finding the correct dose that provides maximum benefits with minimal side effects is essential. Everyone’s tolerance and sensitivity to cannabis are different, so finding the right dose may take some trial and error.
Working with a healthcare provider who specialises in medicinal cannabis can be helpful in finding the correct dose and product for your specific needs.
The legal status of medicinal cannabis in Australia
In Australia, the use of medicinal cannabis is legal under certain circumstances. In 2021, the Australian government amended its Narcotics Drugs Act to allow for the cultivation and manufacture of medicinal cannabis products for therapeutic use [1].
To access medicinal cannabis in Australia, patients must have a valid prescription from a healthcare provider and obtain their medication from a licensed medicinal supplier. Medicinal cannabis is unavailable over the counter and cannot be legally grown or produced by patients for personal use.
While the legal framework for medicinal cannabis in Australia is still relatively new, there is growing awareness of its therapeutic potential for various medical conditions, including fibromyalgia.
Learn more with cantro.health
Generalised anxiety disorder can be a debilitating condition that affects many people in Australia and around the world. While there are several treatments available, including medication and psychotherapy, medicinal cannabis may also be a viable option for those with GAD.
If you’re considering using medicinal cannabis for fibromyalgia, it’s essential to work with a healthcare provider, to better understand your options and to determine if you are a suitable candidate for medical cannabis treatment.
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